Teaching Methods for TEFL
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EFL Teaching Methods
TEFL Methodology:
Methods for Teaching English
in the EFL Classroom
We have created a podcast to complement this page.
You can download it from our podcast page.
Basic Concepts:
Though there are many approaches to teaching methodology in TEFL/TESOL, two teaching methods predominate the field. Methodology taught in certification and training programs is generally either “PPP” or “ESA”. That doesn’t mean they are the best approaches, they are just the most well known approaches and more likely to be requested by employers or Directors of Studies (DOS). Thus we are going to concentrate on those two approaches.
“PPP” – means Presentation, Practice, and Production
“Presentation” is where the target language (the language to be taught to the students) is “presented” to the students generally through eliciting and cueing of the students (to see if they know it – generally someone knows some or all of it) and then providing the language if no one does.
The target language is usually put on the marker board either in structure (grammar-type) charts or in dialogs. Presentation features more “teacher talk” than the other stages of the lesson – generally as much as 65-90% of the time. This portion of the total lesson can take as much as 20-40% of the lesson time.
Next comes “Practice” where the students practice the target language in one to three activities that progress from very structured (students are given activities that provide little possibility for error) to less-structured (as they master the material).
These activities should include as much “student talk” as possible and not focus on written activities – though written activities can provide a structure for the verbal practices. Practice should have the “student talk time” range from 60-80 percent of the time – with teacher talk time being the balance of that time. This portion of the total lesson can take from 30-50% of the lesson time.
“Production” is the stage of the lesson where the students take the target language and use it in conversations that they structure (ideally) and use it to talk about themselves or their daily lives or situations. Practice should involve student talk at as much as 90% of the time – and this component of the lesson can/should take as much as 20-30% of the lesson time.
As you can see the general structure of a PPP lesson is flexible – but an important feature is the movement from controlled and structured speech to less-controlled and more freely used and created speech. Another important feature of PPP (and other methods too) is the rapid reduction of teacher talk time and the increase in student talk time as you move through the lesson.
One of the most common errors untrained teachers make is that they talk too much. EFL students get very little chance to actually use the language they learn and the EFL classroom must be structured to create that opportunity. See the paragraph on Pairwork and Small Groups below.
“ESA” – means Engage, Study, and Activate
Roughly equivalent to PPP, ESA is slightly different in that it is designed to – and allows – movement back and forth between the stages. However, each stage is similar to the PPP stages in the same order. Proponents of this method stress its flexibility compared to PPP and the method, as defined by Jeremy Harmer (its major advocate), uses more elicitation and stresses the “Engagement” of students in the early stages of the lesson.
ESA is superior method to PPP when both are looked at from a rigid point of view. But, EFL is not rigid and you should not adhere to any one viewpoint or method. PPP is often an easier method for teacher-trainees to get a handle on, but probably more programs teach ESA than PPP these days, especially those that teach only one of the approaches.
Pairwork and Working in Small Groups
Most speaking practice in the classroom should be done in pairs and small groups with students talking to each other. It is a common mistake of the untrained teacher to think that students must or need to talk to the teacher.
While talking to the teacher is certainly useful, each student in a small class of only 15 will get at most three minutes of talking time in a 45 minute class if conversation is teacher centered. In pairs those same students could be directly involved in conversation as much as twenty-two minutes.
See the difference? That is a seven-fold increase in the amount of time a student can practice speaking, listening and interacting in English. And one of the biggest problems EFL students have is the very limited amount of time they actually get to practice speaking and listening in direct interaction. Often their only opportunity is in your classroom.
The teacher’s role during pairwork and small group time is to rotate around the classroom encouraging students and helping them focus on the target language/concepts of the lesson. Including pairwork and small-group work in your PPP/ESA lesson is critical to the success and improvement of your students’ language skills.
Expanded Concepts:
Read the following – they will download as Word documents:
A good review of a variety of EFL teaching methods (so you don’t get stuck in just one) is at the website of Dr. Jill Kerper Moran of San Diego State University: Second Language Teaching Methods
Another overview of various methodologies is at English Club: HERE.
Additional Notes:
It is important to use English in the classroom as the target language and as the teaching language.
There are times, however, when the limited use of the students’ first language can be useful. Be careful though. Some native speakers lose their value when they begin teaching in the L1. Most EFL students have already studied English for years in their L1, but still can’t speak fluently. The more you use a student’s L1 the more you lose your value as a native speaker and in most cases, a major factor in your hire was that you were a native speaker. If you don’t use that skill and ability, they might as well hire a local teacher for half of what you cost.
Following is some information on the rare times when you might use L1 in the EFL Classroom:
An older but equally valid review of L1 and L2 Usage
in the classroom is here.
Other Important Classroom Concepts:
Read this British Council article on the use of realia in the classroom
There is more information on realia in the Student Motivation page on this website.
When you have finished the readings you will be ready for the unit on Lesson Planning.
Teach English in China
